1991-2017年叶尔羌河流域冰川景观格局时空演变

冰川景观变化是全球环境和气候变化的共同"指示器"。随着全球气候变化加剧，干旱和半干旱地区的冰川景观将进一步变化。科学评估冰川景观格局时空演变特征，为应对冰川景观变化及其影响提供科学参考。基于1991-2017年Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI遥感影像，采用监督分类方法获取叶尔羌河流域冰川景观时空格局及变化数据，利用景观格局指数、质心迁移模型、分形维数等方法分析近26年叶尔羌河流域冰川景观格局时空演变特征。结果表明：（1）1991-2017年叶尔羌河流域冰川斑块面积呈消减趋势，但有所减缓，共减少799.50 km²（-13.09%）。冰川斑块面积消减主要集中在海拔5400-5800 m之间，相较之下，海拔4400 m以下的区域冰川斑块面积消减率最高，达63.68%；不同坡度冰川景观消减率存在差异，陡坡冰川斑块面积消减率最高（15.98%），急陡坡消减率最低（2.87%）；阴阳两坡冰川景观均呈消减趋势，阳坡冰川斑块面积消减速率显著高于阴坡。（2）近26年来，叶尔羌河流域冰川斑块数量、最大斑块指数均减小，而平均形状指数、平均周长面积比、分裂指数均增加，表明冰川景观不断消减，破碎化程度增加。（3）研究期间，叶尔羌河流域冰川景观质心发生迁移，整体呈现东北偏移趋势。（4）通过分形理论对叶尔羌河流域冰川景观空间结构特征进行分析表明，该流域冰川景观消减率略微降低，但仍然处于持续消融状态。     

Distribution of Fusarium wilt of Bambara nut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) in farmers’ fields’ of Busia County in Western Kenya and its management using farmyard manure

A study was carried out to determine Fusarium wilt distribution in Bambara nut farmers’ fields and its management using farm yard manure (FYM). Four villages in Busia County were purposively sampled for the study. The data generated were subjected to analysis of variance and treatment means separated by least significant difference test. Fusarium wilt incidence in the fields ranged from 14.63 to 43.56%. In the greenhouse, FYM reduced the disease incidence by 10.2% and severity by 9.5% on the black landrace and 1.9 and 12.8%, respectively, on the red landrace. In the field, FYM reduced disease incidence by 9.1% and severity by 6.9% on the black landrace and 10.4 and 10.4%, respectively, on the red landrace. Farm yard manure had the lowest area under disease progress curve irrespective of the landrace. The study confirmed the presence of the pathogen in the fields and the ability to manage the disease using FYM.     

城市扩张过程中建设用地景观格局演变特征及其驱动力

剖析城市扩张过程中建设用地景观格局演变特征及其驱动力,不仅有助于城市生态环境问题的解决,而且为城市用地结构优化、城市景观规划等工作提供科学依据。以快速城市化的中型城市—扬州市为例,利用多期(1995、2000、2005、2010年和2015年)Landsat卫星影像、乡镇水平的扬州统计年鉴等数据,运用景观格局分析、增强回归树(Boosted regression trees)等方法,研究建设用地的扩张模式、形态及景观格局,定量探究地理、社会和经济因子对景观格局的影响机制,从而明晰景观格局演变特征及其驱动力。结果表明,1995—2015年,建设用地面积持续增加,填充式(Infilling)、边缘式(Edge-expansion)和跳跃式(Leapfrog)3种扩张模式在各时段均有出现,但其优势度随着城市发展而改变。建设用地的形态在城市扩张的过程中经历着"集聚"和"扩散"的交替变化过程,景观格局则出现了同质化倾向,景观破碎化下降、聚合度增加。地理因子(海拔和到县市中心的距离)对景观格局的综合影响虽然高于社会经济,但它的影响力却随着城市发展呈现出下降趋势,社会经济的作用则逐渐增强。海拔和人口密度的增加会促进景观的破碎化、抑制景观的集聚;人口数量的增加会促进景观的集聚、降低景观的破碎化;其余因子(到县市中心的距离、人均GDP和第二产业占比)的作用则随城市的发展而发生转变,如人均GDP对景观破碎化的作用表现为"促进→抑制"的转变、第二产业则为"抑制→促进"。     

Carayonovus n. gen. from Reunion Island – aberrant new genus of Anthocoridae or representative of a new family (Heteroptera: Cimicoidea)?

Carayonovus insignis n. gen., n. sp., a remarkable new genus and species of Heteroptera, is described from Reunion Island. It is tentatively placed in the family Anthocoridae (Cimicoidea), but because of its remarkable sexual dimorphism and possession of characters not normally associated with this family or even with Cimicoidea, the genus is discussed in terms of the validity or otherwise of including it in these taxa. Its habitat preference is also examined.     

Endogenous Release of γ-Aminobutyric Acid from the Medial Preoptic Area Measured by Microdialysis in the Anaesthetised Rat

The characteristics of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release as monitored by microdialysis have been investigated in the chloral hydrate anaesthetised rat. The high outflow of GABA following insertion of the microdialysis probe (membrane 2 mm in length, 0.5 mm in diameter) into the medial preoptic area was found to decline to a stable baseline level after 2 h. After this time, perfusion with a medium containing 100 mM potassium ions evoked a 56-fold increase in GABA outflow. The addition of the calcium channel blocker verapamil (100 microM) to the perfusion medium induced significant 25 and 50% reductions in basal and potassium-stimulated GABA outflow, respectively. In the same animals, verapamil caused an 80% decrease in potassium-stimulated noradrenaline outflow. The glutamic acid decarboxylase inhibitors 3-mercaptopropionic acid and L-allylglycine added to the perfusion medium at a concentration of 10 mM reduced basal GABA release by approximately 50% with different time-courses of action. Ethanolamine-O-sulfate, a GABA-transaminase inhibitor, induced significant increases in basal GABA outflow 90 min after inclusion in the perfusion medium. These results demonstrate that microdialysis is a suitable technique with which to monitor extracellular levels of GABA and provide in vivo data on GABA release and degradation mechanisms.     

Inclusion of phytosociological data in an index of vegetation fire danger: application and mapping on the Karst area around Trieste (Italy)

In this paper we propose a method to produce maps of fire danger index (FDI). The index includes in the formula a vegetation pyrogenic potential index (VPPI) based on floristic phytosociological data. The map of FDI is produced by integrating available phytosociological maps of vegetation, geomorphology and climate, using the Geographic Information System technology. The method is applied to an area of the coastal Classical Karst (NE-Italy). While fire risk maps based on the incidence of previous fires are useful for facilitating emergency operations, e.g. the allocation of fire fighting resources, we conclude that the proposed index offers an effective tool to plan actions for fire prevention.     

喀斯特地区农村劳动力转移对生态恢复的影响及其区域差异——基于酉阳和沿河的农户调查数据

喀斯特地区的生态恢复对于促进国土空间的生态修复、实现区域生态安全具有重要意义。基于酉阳县和沿河县的383份农户调查数据，从微观的农户尺度运用Tobit模型分析喀斯特地区农村劳动力转移对生态恢复的影响，并关注其对酉阳县和沿河县生态恢复的影响差异。研究结果表明：①研究区劳动力转移现象明显，47.67%的农村劳动力发生了转移；②研究区生态恢复情况总体较好，酉阳县的生态恢复好于沿河县；③农村劳动力转移通过农业劳动力的流失效应和非农收入的替代效应促进了喀斯特地区的生态恢复；④劳动力转移的程度不同，对生态恢复的作用强度也不同。沿河相对滞后的劳动力转移程度，使得其生态恢复稍弱于酉阳。为促进喀斯特地区生态恢复，政府应有序引导农村劳动力向非农就业转移，提高转移农户的非农化程度。     

基于生态系统服务供需的景感尺度特征分析和应用

自然生态系统与人类感知的交互作用是景感生态学关注的焦点，与生态系统服务的供需紧密关联。生态系统、生态过程、生态系统服务以及人的需求均具有一定的时空尺度特征，因此，由这些过程产生的"景感"也具有时空尺度特征，并依赖于这个过程的尺度特征相互作用。梳理生态系统服务供需关系与景感营造规划的尺度特征，探索二者相互联系，进而提出基于景感生态学理论，通过景感营造实现生态系统服务供需平衡的多尺度实现路径。从空间维度，体现从"社区-城市-流域-区域"的多尺度景感规划框架，从应用维度，体现从生态系统服务需求探索-关键指标体系识别-多源谜码数据感知-景感营造与规划设计的具体流程。通过多尺度的联合景感营造，调整自然供给水平与人类不同尺度的生态系统服务需求以期达到平衡，从而实现人类生存环境福利与居民福祉提升的目标。在此基础上，结合雄安新区规划建设实例，从多尺度景感营造的角度为城市绿色生态建设与可持续发展提出优化建议。主要结论：（1）基于"社区-城市-流域-区域"的多尺度景感分析框架，将景感要素与生态系统服务供需思想融入城市规划，在不同尺度上趋善优化，对于实现可持续发展城市规划和管理具有重要指示意义；（2）雄安新区规划设计需更系统和细致地考虑人类感知需求，通过多尺度景感营造设计，共同实现雄安新区的可持续发展与人居环境提升。其中，在社区尺度，需重点关注社区植被配置和居民的休闲游憩；在新区尺度重点关注绿地系统网络构建；在大清河流域尺度重点关注河流健康与水文调节；在京津冀区域尺度需注重山体通风廊道与生态屏障的构建与优化。     

Morphological patterns of the intraparietal sulcus and the anterior intermediate parietal sulcus of Jensen in the human brain

Distinct parts of the intraparietal sulcal cortex contribute to sensorimotor integration and visual spatial attentional processing. A detailed examination of the morphological relations of the different segments of the complex intraparietal sulcal region in the human brain in standard stereotaxic space, which is a prerequisite for detailed structure-to-function studies, is not available. This study examined the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the related sulcus of Jensen in magnetic resonance imaging brain volumes registered in the Montreal Neurological Institute stereotaxic space. It was demonstrated that the IPS is divided into two branches: the anterior ramus and the posterior ramus of the IPS, often separated by a submerged gyral passage. The sulcus of Jensen emerges between the anterior and posterior rami of the IPS, and its ventral end is positioned between the first and second caudal branches of the superior temporal sulcus. In a small number of brains, the sulcus of Jensen may merge superficially with the first caudal branch of the superior temporal sulcus. The above morphological findings are discussed in relation to previously reported functional neuroimaging findings and provide the basis for future exploration of structure-to-function relations in the posterior parietal region of individual subjects.